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Metabolites of 2‐ and 3‐Monochloropropanediol (2‐ and 3‐MCPD) in Humans: Urinary Excretion of 2‐Chlorohydracrylic Acid and 3‐Chlorolactic Acid after Controlled Exposure to a Single High Dose of Fatty Acid Esters of 2‐ and 3‐MCPD
Author(s) -
Bergau Nick,
Zhao Zhiyong,
Abraham Klaus,
Monien Bernhard H.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
molecular nutrition and food research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.495
H-Index - 131
eISSN - 1613-4133
pISSN - 1613-4125
DOI - 10.1002/mnfr.202000736
Subject(s) - urine , excretion , chemistry , fatty acid , metabolism , toxicokinetics , fatty acid metabolism , biochemistry , food science
Scope Fatty acid esters of 2‐monochloropropane‐1,3‐diol (2‐MCPD) and 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) are formed during the deodorization of vegetable oils. After lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis in the intestine, 2‐ and 3‐MCPD are absorbed, but their ensuing human metabolism is unknown. Methods and results The compounds 2‐chlorohydracrylic acid (2‐ClHA) and 3‐chlorolactic acid (3‐ClLA) resulting from oxidative metabolism of 2‐MCPD and 3‐MCPD, respectively, are identified and quantified in human urine samples. An exposure study with 12 adults is conducted to determine the urinary excretion of 2‐ClHA and 3‐ClLA. The participants eat 12 g of hazelnut oil containing 24.2 mg kg −1 2‐MCPD and 54.5 mg kg −1 3‐MCPD in the form of fatty acid esters. Average daily amounts of “background” excretion before the exposure are 69 nmol 2‐ClHA and 3.0 nmol 3‐ClLA. The additional mean excretion due to the uptake of the hazelnut oil amounts to 893 nmol 2‐ClHA (34.0% of the 2‐MCPD dose) and 16.4 nmol 3‐ClLA (0.28% of the 3‐MPCD dose). Conclusions The products of oxidative metabolism of 2‐ and 3‐MCPD, 2‐ClHA, and 3‐ClLA, are described for the first time in humans. Due to the lack of specificity, the metabolites may not be used as exposure biomarkers to low doses of bound 2‐ and 3‐MCPD, respectively.