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NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides: Past, present, and future
Author(s) -
Oliveira Catarina,
Benfeito Sofia,
Fernandes Carlos,
Cagide Fernando,
Silva Tiago,
Borges Fernanda
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
medicinal research reviews
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.868
H-Index - 130
eISSN - 1098-1128
pISSN - 0198-6325
DOI - 10.1002/med.21461
Subject(s) - nitroxyl , context (archaeology) , chemistry , nitric oxide , nitrone , oxidative stress , in vivo , pharmacology , combinatorial chemistry , medicine , biochemistry , biology , organic chemistry , microbiology and biotechnology , paleontology , cycloaddition , catalysis
Abstract The biological effects attributed to nitric oxide ( • NO) and nitroxyl (HNO) have been extensively studied, propelling their array of putative clinical applications beyond cardiovascular disorders toward other age‐related diseases, like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, the unique properties and reactivity of the N‐O bond enabled the development of several classes of compounds with potential clinical interest, among which • NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides are of particular importance. Although primarily studied for their application as cardioprotective agents and/or molecular probes for radical detection, continuous efforts have unveiled a wide range of pharmacological activities and, ultimately, therapeutic applications. These efforts are of particular significance for diseases in which oxidative stress plays a key pathogenic role, as shown by a growing volume of in vitro and in vivo preclinical data. Although in its early stages, these efforts may provide valuable guidelines for the development of new and effective N‐O‐based drugs for age‐related disorders. In this report, we review recent advances in the chemistry of NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides and discuss its pharmacological significance and potential therapeutic application.