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Biology and chemistry of the inhibition of nitric oxide synthases by pteridine‐derivatives as therapeutic agents
Author(s) -
Matter Hans,
Kotsonis Peter
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
medicinal research reviews
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.868
H-Index - 130
eISSN - 1098-1128
pISSN - 0198-6325
DOI - 10.1002/med.20005
Subject(s) - pteridine , chemistry , nitric oxide , stereochemistry , ligand (biochemistry) , active site , enzyme , binding site , pterin , cofactor , biochemistry , nitric oxide synthase , structure–activity relationship , pharmacology , receptor , biology , in vitro , organic chemistry
Inhibitors of the family of nitric oxide synthases (NOS‐I–III; EC 1.14.13.39) are of interest as pharmacological agents to modulate pathologically high nitric oxide (NO) levels in inflammation, sepsis, and stroke. In this article, we discuss the approach for targeting the unique ( 6R )‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐ l ‐biopterin (H 4 Bip) binding site of NOS by appropriate inhibitors. This binding site maximally increases enzyme activity and NO production from the substrate l ‐arginine upon cofactor binding. The first generation of H 4 Bip‐based NOS inhibitors was based on 4‐amino H 4 Bip derivatives in analogy to anti‐folates such as methotrexate. In addition, we discuss the structure–activity relationship of a related series of 4‐oxo‐pteridine derivatives. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies provide an understanding of pterin antagonism on a structural level based on favorable and unfavorable interactions between protein binding site and ligands. These techniques include 3D‐QSAR (CoMFA, CoMSIA) to understand ligand affinity and GRID/consensus principal component analysis (CPCA) to learn about selectivity requirements. Collectively these approaches, in combination with the presented SAR and structural data, provide useful information for the design of novel NOS inhibitors with increased isoform selectivity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 24, No. 5, 662–684, 2004