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The focal dystonias: Current views and challenges for future research
Author(s) -
Jinnah H. A.,
Berardelli Alfredo,
Comella Cynthia,
DeFazio Giovanni,
DeLong Mahlon R.,
Factor Stewart,
Galpern Wendy R.,
Hallett Mark,
Ludlow Christy L.,
Perlmutter Joel S.,
Rosen Ami R.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
movement disorders
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.352
H-Index - 198
eISSN - 1531-8257
pISSN - 0885-3185
DOI - 10.1002/mds.25567
Subject(s) - focal dystonia , dystonia , neuroscience , identification (biology) , etiology , movement disorders , affect (linguistics) , psychology , essential tremor , physical medicine and rehabilitation , medicine , disease , pathology , biology , botany , communication
The most common forms of dystonia are those that develop in adults and affect a relatively isolated region of the body. Although these adult‐onset focal dystonias are most prevalent, knowledge of their etiologies and pathogenesis has lagged behind some of the rarer generalized dystonias, in which the identification of genetic defects has facilitated both basic and clinical research. This summary provides a brief review of the clinical manifestations of the adult‐onset focal dystonias, focusing attention on less well understood clinical manifestations that need further study. It also provides a simple conceptual model for the similarities and differences among the different adult‐onset focal dystonias as a rationale for lumping them together as a class of disorders while at the same time splitting them into subtypes. The concluding section outlines some of the most important research questions for the future. Answers to these questions are critical for advancing our understanding of this group of disorders and for developing novel therapeutics. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society