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Inactivation of IκB contributes to transcriptional activation of spermidine/spermine N (1)‐acetyltransferase
Author(s) -
Choi Woonyoung,
Proctor Lynsey,
Xia Qianghua,
Feng Yumei,
Gerner Eugene W.,
Chiao Paul J.,
Hamilton Stanley R.,
Zhang Wei
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
molecular carcinogenesis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.254
H-Index - 97
eISSN - 1098-2744
pISSN - 0899-1987
DOI - 10.1002/mc.20239
Subject(s) - biology , spermidine , microbiology and biotechnology , spermine , transactivation , acetyltransferase , cycloheximide , polyamine , reporter gene , inhibitor protein , chromatin immunoprecipitation , biochemistry , transcription factor , gene expression , protein biosynthesis , promoter , gene , enzyme , acetylation
Spermidine/spermine N (1)‐acetyltransferase (SSAT) is a key enzyme in polyamine catabolism. We recently reported that the combination of N 1 , N 11 ‐diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) and 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) synergistically induces SSAT expression, depletes polyamine levels and causes apoptosis in colon cancer cells. To determine whether new RNA and protein synthesis is required for SSAT induction, we examined the effect of actinomycin D (ActD) and cycloheximide (CHX). ActD alone blocked the induction of SSAT expression; however, the combination of CHX and DENSPM markedly induced SSAT expression and caused mitochondrial damage, suggesting that an inhibitory labile protein is involved in SSAT transactivation. SSAT promoter analysis identified two putative Rel/Nuclear Factor κB (NFκB) binding sites. Thus, we hypothesized that IκB is the labile inhibitory protein and that its removal contributes to the activation of NFκB. CHX quickly eliminated the IκB protein in the cells and increased the levels of the two subunits of NFκB, p65 and p50, in the nucleus. Luciferase reporter gene assay showed that SSAT promoter constructs containing the two putative NFκB binding elements responded to CHX as well as TNFα, whereas the promoter without the two sites did not. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that NFκB was indeed bound to the SSAT promoter after CHX treatment. Further, dominant negative IκB attenuated the CHX and DENSPM‐induced SSAT expression and mitochondria damage. These results taken together suggest that the inhibition of IκB and activation of NFκB activate SSAT. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.