Coregulation of the cyclic lipopeptides orfamide and sessilin in the biocontrol strain Pseudomonas sp. CMR 12a

Cyclic lipopeptides ( CLP s) are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases ( NRPS ), which are often flanked by LuxR‐type transcriptional regulators. Pseudomonas sp. CMR 12a, an effective biocontrol strain, produces two different classes of CLP s namely sessilins and orfamides. The orfamide biosynthesis gene cluster is flanked up‐ and downstream by LuxR‐type regulatory genes designated ofaR1 and ofaR2 , respectively, whereas the sessilin biosynthesis gene cluster has one LuxR‐type regulatory gene which is situated upstream of the cluster and is designated sesR . Our study investigated the role of these three regulators in the biosynthesis of orfamides and sessilins. Phylogenetic analyses positioned OfaR1 and OfaR2 with LuxR regulatory proteins of similar orfamide‐producing Pseudomonas strains and the SesR with that of the tolaasin producer, Pseudomonas tolaasii . LC ‐ ESI ‐ MS analyses revealed that sessilins and orfamides are coproduced and that production starts in the late exponential phase. However, sessilins are secreted earlier and in large amounts, while orfamides are predominantly retained in the cell. Deletion mutants in ofaR1 and ofaR2 lost the capacity to produce both orfamides and sessilins, whereas the sesR mutant showed no clear phenotype. Additionally, RT ‐ PCR analysis showed that in the sessilin cluster, a mutation in either ofaR1 or ofaR2 led to weaker transcripts of the biosynthesis genes, ses ABC , and putative transporter genes, macA1B1 . In the orfamide cluster, mainly the biosynthesis genes ofa BC were affected, while the first biosynthesis gene ofaA and putative macA2B2 transport genes were still transcribed. A mutation in either ofaR1 , ofaR2 , or sesR genes did not abolish the transcription of any of the other two.