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Einfluss von As‐, Cu‐ und Sb‐Verunreinigungen auf die Standzeit von Pb‐Ca‐Sn‐Gittern von Blei‐Säure‐Batterien
Author(s) -
GadAllah A. G.,
Salih S. A.,
Mokhtar A. A.,
Abd ElRahman H. A.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
materialwissenschaft und werkstofftechnik
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.285
H-Index - 38
eISSN - 1521-4052
pISSN - 0933-5137
DOI - 10.1002/mawe.201300071
Subject(s) - impurity , oxygen evolution , corrosion , hydrogen , oxygen , anode , materials science , alloy , inorganic chemistry , electrochemistry , redox , chemistry , metallurgy , chemical engineering , electrode , organic chemistry , engineering
The performance of Pb‐Ca‐Sn grids of lead‐acid batteries made from recycled lead in 4 M H 2 SO 4 in the absence and presence of traces of Cu, As and Sb, as potential impurities in the recycling process at 0.1% level, is investigated by electrochemical methods. The study includes the effect of each impurity and impurities combined on the alloy corrodibility, the efficiency of PbO 2 formation, the rate of the self‐discharge and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The results show that individual impurity enhances the corrosion resistance but increases the anode corrosion and the self‐discharge rate. Impurities play opposite effects on hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction either individually or combined. Concerning water loss problem, the harmful effect of individual impurity on increasing oxygen evolution reaction is compensated by their suppression of hydrogen evolution reaction. The impurities combined suppress effectively both hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction relative to alloy without any impurity. Sb has the highest harmful effects on oxygen evolution reaction and the self‐discharge but it is the best in the suppression of hydrogen evolution reaction. The impurities combined relatively improve the general corrosion resistance, the anode corrosion resistance and the self‐discharge. The study supports higher tolerance levels of Cu, As and Sb in Pb‐Ca‐Sn grids, especially when present combined, than the recommended levels in the industry standards.