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Kinetic Studies of the Copolymerization of Ethylene with Norbornene by ansa ‐Zirconocene/Methylaluminoxane Catalysts: Evidence of a Long‐Lasting “Quasi‐Living” Initial Period
Author(s) -
Jansen Johannes Carolus,
Mendichi Raniero,
Sacchi Maria Carmela,
Tritto Incoronata
Publication year - 2003
Publication title -
macromolecular chemistry and physics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.57
H-Index - 112
eISSN - 1521-3935
pISSN - 1022-1352
DOI - 10.1002/macp.200390017
Subject(s) - norbornene , methylaluminoxane , molar mass , polymer chemistry , chain transfer , catalysis , copolymer , molar mass distribution , polymerization , chemistry , polymer , dispersity , living polymerization , addition polymer , ethylene , metallocene , organic chemistry , radical polymerization
Copolymers of ethylene (E) with norbornene (N) were synthesized using the catalysts rac ‐Et(Ind) 2 ZrCl 2 /MAO ( 1 ), 90% rac /10% meso ‐Et(4,7‐Me 2 Ind) 2 ZrCl 2 /MAO ( 2 ), and rac ‐H 2 C(3‐ t ‐BuInd) 2 ZrCl 2 /MAO ( 3 ). Catalyst activity, molar mass (MM), and copolymer composition were studied as a function of time. The polymers showed an unusually narrow molar mass distribution (MMD) and a significant increase of their MM with time for up to one hour, suggesting a “quasi‐living” polymerization at 30 °C. The experimental data were fitted to kinetic equations and the propagation and transfer reactions were described in quantitative terms. Norbornene greatly depressed the propagation rate, along with the chain transfer rate. The more sterically hindered catalysts of the series showed lower propagation and chain transfer turnover frequency than 1 and yielded polymers with a low ( 2 ) to very low ( 3 ) norbornene content. The presence of norbornene in solution seemed to be one of the main factors responsible for the observed “quasi‐living” character of the copolymerization, probably due to coordination of norbornene to the active site. Time‐resolved kinetic studies also allowed for the calculation of the fraction of active metal centers, ranging from 56% ( 3 ) and 66–68% ( 1 ) to 94% ( 2 ) of the total zirconium present, depending on catalyst structure.Left: molar mass (top) and polydispersity (bottom) as a function of the normalized polymer yield. The dashed line is the theoretical curve for ideal living polymerization. Catalysts 1 (□), 2 (▵), and 3 (○) at N/E ratio 12.5 and catalyst 1 (⋄) at N/E ratio 28.4. Right: enlargement of the low yield section.