Open AccessFive state factors control progressive stages of freshwater salinization syndrome
Author(s) -
Kaushal Sujay S.,
Mayer Paul M.,
Likens Gene E.,
Reimer Jenna E.,
Maas Carly M.,
Rippy Megan A.,
Grant Stanley B.,
Hart Ian,
Utz Ryan M.,
Shatkay Ruth R.,
Wessel Barret M.,
Maietta Christine E.,
Pace Michael L.,
Duan Shuiwang,
Boger Walter L.,
Yaculak Alexis M.,
Galella Joseph G.,
Wood Kelsey L.,
Morel Carol J.,
Nguyen William,
Querubin Shane Elizabeth C.,
Sukert Rebecca A.,
Lowien Anna,
Houde Alyssa Wellman,
Roussel Anaïs,
Houston Andrew J.,
Cacopardo Ari,
Ho Cristy,
TalbotWendlandt Haley,
Widmer Jacob M.,
Slagle Jairus,
Bader James A.,
Chong Jeng Hann,
Wollney Jenna,
Kim Jordan,
Shepherd Lauren,
Wilfong Matthew T.,
Houlihan Megan,
Sedghi Nathan,
Butcher Rebecca,
Chaudhary Sona,
Becker William D.
Publication year - 2023
Publication title -
limnology and oceanography letters
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 2378-2242
DOI - 10.1002/lol2.10248
Subject(s) - weathering , saltwater intrusion , soil salinity , ecosystem , environmental science , intrusion , biodiversity , hydrology (agriculture) , water resource management , ecology , geology , groundwater , soil water , aquifer , soil science , geochemistry , biology , geotechnical engineering
Factors driving freshwater salinization syndrome (FSS) influence the severity of impacts and chances for recovery. We hypothesize that spread of FSS across ecosystems is a function of interactions among five state factors: human activities , geology , flowpaths , climate , and time . (1) Human activities drive pulsed or chronic inputs of salt ions and mobilization of chemical contaminants. (2) Geology drives rates of erosion, weathering, ion exchange, and acidification‐alkalinization. (3) Flowpaths drive salinization and contaminant mobilization along hydrologic cycles. (4) Climate drives rising water temperatures, salt stress, and evaporative concentration of ions and saltwater intrusion. (5) Time influences consequences, thresholds, and potentials for ecosystem recovery. We hypothesize that state factors advance FSS in distinct stages, which eventually contribute to failures in systems‐level functions (supporting drinking water, crops, biodiversity, infrastructure, etc.). We present future research directions for protecting freshwaters at risk based on five state factors and stages from diagnosis to prognosis to cure.