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Biotic formation of methylmercury: A bio–physico–chemical conundrum
Author(s) -
Bravo Andrea G.,
Cosio Claudia
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
limnology and oceanography
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.7
H-Index - 197
eISSN - 1939-5590
pISSN - 0024-3590
DOI - 10.1002/lno.11366
Subject(s) - methylmercury , environmental chemistry , mercury (programming language) , microbial population biology , microorganism , organic matter , pollutant , nutrient , ecology , chemistry , environmental science , biology , bacteria , bioaccumulation , computer science , genetics , programming language
Abstract Mercury (Hg) is a natural and widespread trace metal, but is considered a priority pollutant, particularly its organic form methylmercury (MMHg), because of human's exposure to MMHg through fish consumption. Pioneering studies showed the methylation of divalent Hg (Hg II ) to MMHg to occur under oxygen‐limited conditions and to depend on the activity of anaerobic microorganisms. Recent studies identified the hgcAB gene cluster in microorganisms with the capacity to methylate Hg II and unveiled a much wider range of species and environmental conditions producing MMHg than previously expected. Here, we review the recent knowledge and approaches used to understand Hg II ‐methylation, microbial biodiversity and activity involved in these processes, and we highlight the current limits for predicting MMHg concentrations in the environment. The available data unveil the fact that Hg II methylation is a bio‐physico‐chemical conundrum in which the efficiency of biological Hg II methylation appears to depend chiefly on Hg II and nutrients availability, the abundance of electron acceptors such as sulfate or iron, the abundance and composition of organic matter as well as the activity and structure of the microbial community. An increased knowledge of the relationship between microbial community composition, physico‐chemical conditions, MMHg production, and demethylation is necessary to predict variability in MMHg concentrations across environments.