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Seasonal and diel variation in greenhouse gas emissions from an urban pond and its major drivers
Author(s) -
Bergen Tamara J. H. M.,
Barros Nathan,
Mendonça Raquel,
Aben Ralf C. H.,
Althuizen Inge H. J.,
Huszar Vera,
Lamers Leon P. M.,
Lürling Miquel,
Roland Fábio,
Kosten Sarian
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
limnology and oceanography
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.7
H-Index - 197
eISSN - 1939-5590
pISSN - 0024-3590
DOI - 10.1002/lno.11173
Subject(s) - greenhouse gas , environmental science , carbon dioxide , diel vertical migration , nutrient , ecosystem , methane , atmospheric sciences , environmental chemistry , hydrology (agriculture) , environmental engineering , ecology , chemistry , biology , geotechnical engineering , engineering , geology
Small water systems are important hotspots of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, but estimates are poorly constrained as data are scarce. Small ponds are often constructed in urban areas, where they receive large amounts of nutrients and therefore tend to be highly productive. Here, we investigated GHG emissions, seasonal and diel variation, and net ecosystem production (NEP) from an urban pond. In monthly 24‐h field campaigns during 11 months, diffusive water–atmosphere methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fluxes and CH 4 ebullition and oxidation were quantified. With oxygen (O 2 ) measurements, NEP was assessed. The pond was a net GHG source the entire year, with an emission of 3.4 kg CO 2 eq m −2 yr −1 . The dominant GHG emission pathway was CH 4 ebullition (bubble flux, 50%), followed by diffusive emissions of CO 2 (38%) and CH 4 (12%). Sediment CH 4 release was primarily driven by temperature and especially ebullition increased exponentially above a temperature threshold of 15°C. The pond's atmospheric CO 2 exchange was not related to NEP or temperature but likely to a high allochthonous carbon (C) input via runoff and anaerobic mineralization of C. We expect urban ponds to show a large increase in GHG emission with increasing temperature, which should be considered carefully when constructing ponds in urban areas. Emissions may partly be counteracted by pond management focusing on a reduction of nutrient and organic matter input.