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A study on the kinetics of condensation reaction of cardanol and formaldehyde, part I
Author(s) -
Sultania Minakshi,
Rai J. S. P.,
Srivastava Deepak
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
international journal of chemical kinetics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.341
H-Index - 68
eISSN - 1097-4601
pISSN - 0538-8066
DOI - 10.1002/kin.20411
Subject(s) - cardanol , chemistry , formaldehyde , activation energy , condensation reaction , enthalpy , kinetics , catalysis , phenol , gel permeation chromatography , condensation , reaction rate constant , organic chemistry , polymer chemistry , nuclear chemistry , polymer , thermodynamics , physics , quantum mechanics , epoxy
Novolac resins having cardanol‐to‐formaldehyde mole ratios of 1:0.4, 1:0.5, and 1:0.6 were prepared by using aromatic sulphonic acid as the catalyst at four different temperatures ranging between 90°C and 120°C, with an interval of 10°C. Free formaldehyde and free phenol contents were determined at regular time intervals to check the completion of the reaction. The synthesized novolacs were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and gel permeation chromatography. The reaction between cardanol and formaldehyde was found to follow second‐order kinetics. The overall rate constant ( k ) increased with the increase of temperature. On the basis of the value of k , various other activation parameters such as activation energy (E a ), change in enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS), and free energy (ΔG) of the reaction were also evaluated. It was found that the condensation reaction of cardanol and formaldehyde with aromatic sulphonic acid was nonspontaneous and irreversible. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 559–572, 2009