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Solid‐phase microextraction of ultra‐trace amounts of tramadol from human urine by using a carbon nanotube/flower‐shaped zinc oxide hollow fiber
Author(s) -
Abbasian Maryam,
BalaliMood Mahdi,
Mozaffari Sayed Ahmad,
Amoli Hossein Salar
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
journal of separation science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.72
H-Index - 102
eISSN - 1615-9314
pISSN - 1615-9306
DOI - 10.1002/jssc.201600729
Subject(s) - solid phase microextraction , detection limit , zinc , fiber , chromatography , extraction (chemistry) , materials science , scanning electron microscope , analytical chemistry (journal) , solid phase extraction , carbon nanotube , fourier transform infrared spectroscopy , chemistry , chemical engineering , gas chromatography–mass spectrometry , mass spectrometry , nanotechnology , composite material , metallurgy , engineering
A new method is successfully developed for the separation and determination of a very low amount of tramadol in urine using functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes/flower‐shaped zinc oxide before solid‐phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography. Under ultrasonic agitation, a sol of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and flower‐shaped zinc oxide were forced into and trapped within the pore structure of the polypropylene and the sol solution immobilized into the hollow fiber. Flower‐shaped zinc oxide was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of the fabricated solid‐phase microextraction surface was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiencies were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the method shows linearity in a wide range of 0.12–7680 ng/mL, and a low detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.03 ng/mL. The precision of the method was determined and a relative standard deviation of 3.87% was obtained. This method was successfully applied for the separation and determination of tramadol in urine samples. The relative recovery percentage obtained for the spiked urine sample at 1000 ng/mL was 94.2%.