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Intraoperative bile spillage is associated with worse survival in gallbladder adenocarcinoma
Author(s) -
Blakely Andrew M.,
Wong Paul,
Chu Peiguo,
Warner Susanne G.,
Raoof Mustafa,
Singh Gagandeep,
Fong Yuman,
Melstrom Laleh G.
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
journal of surgical oncology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.201
H-Index - 111
eISSN - 1096-9098
pISSN - 0022-4790
DOI - 10.1002/jso.25617
Subject(s) - medicine , cholecystectomy , interquartile range , gallbladder , hazard ratio , adenocarcinoma , gastroenterology , stage (stratigraphy) , proportional hazards model , retrospective cohort study , surgery , cancer , confidence interval , paleontology , biology
Background Gallbladder adenocarcinoma is often incidentally identified following cholecystectomy. We hypothesized that intraoperative bile spillage would be a negative prognostic factor. Methods A retrospective review of patients treated at a cancer center with histologically confirmed gallbladder adenocarcinoma, 2009‐2017, was performed. Patient, disease, and treatment factors were analyzed in terms of progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Sixty‐six patients were identified. Tumor stage was T1 (n = 8, 12%), T2 (n = 23, 35%), T3 (n = 35, 53%). Node stage was N0 (n = 22, 33%), N1+ (n = 26, 39%), Nx (n = 18, 27%). Operations included cholecystectomy alone (n = 27, 36%), cholecystectomy and partial hepatectomy (n = 30, 45%), or hepaticojejunostomy (n = 9, 14%). Median PFS was 7 months (interquartile range [IQR], 2‐19); median OS was 16 months (IQR, 10‐31). Subset multivariate proportional hazards regression of 41 patients who underwent initial cholecystectomy showed decreased PFS was associated with intraoperative spillage (n = 12, 29%; hazard ratio [HR], 5.5; P = .0014); decreased OS was associated with drain placement (n = 21, 51%; HR, 8.1; P = .006). Conclusions Intraoperative bile spillage and surgical drain placement at initial cholecystectomy are negatively associated with PFS and OS in gallbladder adenocarcinoma. Explicit documentation of spillage and drain placement rationale is critical, possibly indicating locally advanced disease and prompting stronger consideration of systemic therapy before definitive resection.