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Overcoming the resistance of pancreatic cancer to immune checkpoint inhibitors
Author(s) -
Skelton Richard A.,
Javed Ammar,
Zheng Lei,
He Jin
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
journal of surgical oncology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.201
H-Index - 111
eISSN - 1096-9098
pISSN - 0022-4790
DOI - 10.1002/jso.24642
Subject(s) - medicine , pancreatic cancer , cancer , immune system , immune checkpoint , cancer research , oncology , immunology , immunotherapy
Immunotherapy has become a new modality of cancer treatment, but has had a limited success in treating PDAC. A combination approach to immunotherapy, using both immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune activating agonists, is needed, as PDAC does not respond to single‐agent checkpoint inhibitors. Studies have also supported using vaccine‐based therapies to prime the tumor microenvironment of PDAC with effector T‐cells. Other therapeutic strategies including epigenetic agents, stroma modulators, radiotherapy, and T‐cell transfer therapies may also prime the tumor microenvironment to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.