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Soluble and cell wall‐bound phenolic acids and ferulic acid dehydrodimers in rye flour and five bread model systems: insight into mechanisms of improved availability
Author(s) -
Dynkowska Wioletta M,
Cyran Malgorzata R,
Ceglińska Alicja
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
journal of the science of food and agriculture
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.782
H-Index - 142
eISSN - 1097-0010
pISSN - 0022-5142
DOI - 10.1002/jsfa.7007
Subject(s) - food science , arabinoxylan , chemistry , bread making , starter , wheat bread , ferulic acid , cultivar , phenolic acid , fermentation , esterase , antioxidant , hydrolysis , wheat flour , enzyme , biochemistry , agronomy , biology
BACKGROUND The bread‐making process influences bread components, including phenolics that significantly contribute to its antioxidant properties. Five bread model systems made from different rye cultivars were investigated to compare their impact on concentration of ethanol‐soluble (free and ester‐bound) and insoluble phenolics. RESULTS Breads produced by a straight dough method without acid addition (A) and three‐stage sourdough method with 12 h native starter preparation (C) exhibited the highest, genotype‐dependent concentrations of free phenolic acids. Dough acidification by direct acid addition (method B) or by gradual production during prolonged starter fermentation (24 and 48 h, for methods D and E) considerably decreased their level. However, breads B were enriched in soluble ester‐bound fraction. Both direct methods, despite substantial differences in dough pH , caused a similar increase in the amount of insoluble ester‐bound fraction. The contents of phenolic fractions in rye bread were positively related to activity level of feruloyl esterase and negatively to those of arabinoxylan‐hydrolysing enzymes in wholemeal flour. CONCLUSION The solubility of rye bread phenolics may be enhanced by application of a suitable bread‐making procedure with respect to rye cultivar, as the mechanisms of this process are also governed by a response of an individual genotype with specific biochemical profile. © 2014 Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.