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Determination of skin penetration profiles by confocal Raman microspectroscopy: statistical evaluation of optimal microscope configuration
Author(s) -
Lunter Dominique Jasmin
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
journal of raman spectroscopy
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.748
H-Index - 110
eISSN - 1097-4555
pISSN - 0377-0486
DOI - 10.1002/jrs.5001
Subject(s) - microscope , oil immersion , confocal , penetration (warfare) , raman microscope , raman spectroscopy , raman microspectroscopy , optical microscope , microscope slide , microscopy , materials science , confocal microscopy , optics , chemistry , biomedical engineering , raman scattering , composite material , scanning electron microscope , mathematics , physics , operations research , medicine
The aim of the study was to statistically evaluate the optimal microscope configuration for confocal Raman microspectroscopic determination of the penetration of a pharmaceutical active into the skin (depth profiling). Pig ear skin and a hydrophilic formulation containing procaine HCl were used as a model system. Two configurations (40 × 0.6 NA objective and 25 µm pinhole or 100 × 1.25 NA oil immersion objective and 50 µm pinhole) that had been found to potentially give appropriate results were investigated. Measurements on cross sections of skin samples were used as a reference. Both microscope configurations were found to be appropriate for depth profiling. It was found that the use of a 100 × 1.25 NA oil immersion objective and 50 µm pinhole lead to higher variability of the results. The statistical approach was found to be highly valuable. This shows that both, metallurgic and immersion objective can be used for depth profiling. The statistical analysis can serve as an example on how to choose an appropriate microscope configuration for depth profiling of the skin. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.