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Physiological changes and defense mechanisms induced by cadmium stress in maize
Author(s) -
Pál Magda,
Horváth Eszter,
Janda Tibor,
Páldi Emil,
Szalai Gabriella
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
journal of plant nutrition and soil science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.644
H-Index - 87
eISSN - 1522-2624
pISSN - 1436-8730
DOI - 10.1002/jpln.200520573
Subject(s) - cadmium , compartmentalization (fire protection) , photosynthesis , defence mechanisms , heavy metals , chemistry , environmental chemistry , enzyme , biochemistry , gene , organic chemistry
Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) enter the ecosystem chiefly as the result of human activities. Nowadays the heavy‐metal pollution of the soil is causing ever greater problems, exacerbated by the fact that the heavy metals accumulated in plants may, either directly or indirectly, find their way into animals and human beings. Maize is one of the world's most important crops, ranking third after wheat and rice, so the changes induced by one of the most toxic heavy metals, Cd, in maize plants is a cause of some concern. This review discusses not only the toxic symptoms caused by Cd stress, but also the tolerance mechanisms activated in the plants. Cadmium induces a number of physiological changes, such as growth inhibition, changes in the water and ion metabolism, the inhibition of photosynthesis, changes in enzyme activities, and the formation of free radicals. The synthesis and compartmentalization of phytochelatins is induced shortly after the initiation of Cd stress, while other defense mechanisms also play an important role.