Thiamine (vitamin B1) seed treatment enhances germination and seedling growth of bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) exposed to soaking injury

Seed treatment with thiamine mononitrate significantly increased germination rate of bean ( Phasenius vulgaris L.) seedlings germinated at high soil moisture levels and low night‐temperature (5° C). Beneficial effects of thiamine applications on germination were also observed in soil‐free germination tests when the seeds were submerged in water for 1–4 d at 18°C. Optimum response was achieved at thiamine concentrations of 3 mM, applied during the first 24 h of imbibition. As an early response to the thiamine treatment, vital staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride revealed a lower proportion of damaged tissue of the embryonic axes. In later stages of seedling development, thiamine seed treatment resulted in a lower proportion of abnormal seedlings with malformations of the shoot apex and of the primary leaves. The beneficial effect of thiamine was more pronounced when the temperature during submergence was kept at 25° C compared to 5° C. There was no response to thiamine applications when the germinating seeds were exposed to low temperature treatments only. The thiamine effect could be mimicked by raising the osmotic potential of the incubation medium, indicating a relationship to soaking injuries. The results suggest that normal seedling development may be impaired by thiamine deficiency in the embryonic tissue induced by soaking injury, whereas low temperatures are not involved as a stress‐factor.