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Levels of advanced glycation end products in gingival crevicular fluid of chronic periodontitis patients with and without type‐2 diabetes mellitus
Author(s) -
Akram Zohaib,
Alqahtani Fawaz,
Alqahtani Mana,
AlKheraif Abdulaziz A.,
Javed Fawad
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
journal of periodontology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.036
H-Index - 156
eISSN - 1943-3670
pISSN - 0022-3492
DOI - 10.1002/jper.19-0209
Subject(s) - medicine , periodontitis , clinical attachment loss , chronic periodontitis , gastroenterology , bleeding on probing , diabetes mellitus , type 2 diabetes mellitus , glycation , type 2 diabetes , hemoglobin , dentistry , glycated hemoglobin , endocrinology
Abstract Background It is hypothesized that levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are higher in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with type‐2 diabetes mellitus (type‐2 DM) than controls (systemically healthy individuals without CP. The aim was to assess the levels of AGEs in the GCF of CP patients with and without type‐2 DM. Methods Participants were divided into three groups as follows. Group‐1: Patients with type‐2 DM and CP; group‐2: Non‐diabetic individuals with CP; group‐3: Non‐diabetic individuals without periodontal diseases. Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. Full‐mouth plaque‐index (PI), bleeding‐on‐probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (AL), and marginal‐bone‐loss (MBL) were assessed. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were recorded. The GCF was collected and levels of AGEs were assessed using standard techniques. Group comparisons were performed and P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Ninety‐four individuals (32, 31, and 31 individuals in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were included. Mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher in group‐1 than groups 2 ( P <0.05) and 3 ( P <0.05). The mean age of individuals in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 55.2, 51.5, and 50.7 years, respectively. The mean duration of type‐2 DM among individuals in group‐1 was 8.2 years (7 to 10 years). Levels of AGEs were detected in all the patients. The mean GCF levels of AGEs were significantly higher among patients in group‐1 (521.9 pg/mL [428.5 to 569.3 pg/mL]) ( P <0.01) than groups 2 (234.84 pg/mL [216.8 to 318.9 pg/mL]) and 3 (87.2 pg/mL [75.2 to 97.8 pg/mL]). The mean GCF levels of AGEs were significantly higher among patients in group‐2 ( P <0.01) than group‐3 ( P <0.01). Conclusion The GCF levels of AGEs are higher in CP patients with type‐2 DM compared to systemically healthy individuals with and without periodontal diseases.