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Cartilage Damage Is Related to ACL Stiffness in a Porcine Model of ACL Repair
Author(s) -
Beveridge Jillian E.,
Proffen Benedikt L.,
Karamchedu Naga Padmini,
Chin Kaitlyn E.,
Sieker Jakob T.,
Badger Gary J.,
Kiapour Ata M.,
Murray Martha M.,
Fleming Braden C.
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
journal of orthopaedic research®
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.041
H-Index - 155
eISSN - 1554-527X
pISSN - 0736-0266
DOI - 10.1002/jor.24381
Subject(s) - anterior cruciate ligament , cartilage , stiffness , osteoarthritis , medicine , in vivo , ex vivo , acl injury , magnetic resonance imaging , ligament , orthodontics , anatomy , materials science , pathology , radiology , biology , alternative medicine , microbiology and biotechnology , composite material
Inferior anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) structural properties may inadequately restrain tibiofemoral joint motion following surgery, contributing to the increased risk of post‐traumatic osteoarthritis. Using both a direct measure of ACL linear stiffness and an in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T 2 *‐based prediction model, we hypothesized that cartilage damage and ACL stiffness would increase over time, and that an inverse relationship between cartilage damage and ACL stiffness would emerge at a later stage of healing. After either 6, 12, or 24 weeks (w) of healing after ACL repair, ACL linear stiffness was determined from the force–displacement relationship during tensile testing ex vivo and predicted in vivo from the MRI T 2 *‐based multiple linear regression model in 24 Yucatan minipigs. Tibiofemoral cartilage was graded postmortem. There was no relationship between cartilage damage and ACL stiffness at 6 w ( R 2 = 0.04; p = 0.65), 12 w ( R 2 = 0.02; p = 0.77), or when the data from all animals were pooled ( R 2 = 0.02; p = 0.47). A significant inverse relationship between cartilage damage and ACL stiffness based on both ex vivo measurement ( R 2 = 0.90; p < 0.001) and in vivo MRI prediction ( R 2 = 0.78; p = 0.004) of ACL stiffness emerged at 24 w. This result suggests that 90% of the variability in gross cartilage changes is associated with the repaired ACL linear stiffness at 6 months of healing. Clinical Significance: Techniques that provide a higher stiffness to the repaired ACL may be required to mitigate the post‐traumatic osteoarthritis commonly seen after ACL injury, and MRI T 2 * can be used as a noninvasive estimation of ligament stiffness. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2249–2257, 2019