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Measurement and removal of adherent endotoxin from titanium particles and implant surfaces
Author(s) -
Ragab Ashraf A,
Van De Motter Renee,
Lavish Sandra A.,
Goldberg Victor M.,
Ninomiya James T.,
Carlin Cathleen R.,
Greenfield Edward M.
Publication year - 1999
Publication title -
journal of orthopaedic research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.041
H-Index - 155
eISSN - 1554-527X
pISSN - 0736-0266
DOI - 10.1002/jor.1100170603
Subject(s) - titanium , implant , osteolysis , in vivo , particle (ecology) , centrifugation , in vitro , titanium alloy , chemistry , particle size , materials science , alloy , composite material , metallurgy , dentistry , chromatography , medicine , biology , surgery , biochemistry , ecology , microbiology and biotechnology
Aseptic loosening is thought to be due primarily to osteolysis induced by cytokines and prostaglandins that are produced in response to implant‐derived wear particles. Because endotoxin has many of the same effects as have been reported for wear particles, we hypothesized that adherent endotoxin may be responsible for the biological responses induced by wear particles. We demonstrated the presence of significant levels of adherent endotoxin on commonly used preparations of titanium particles as well as on titanium and titanium‐alloy implant surfaces. In contrast, supernatants obtained by centrifugation of particle suspensions contained approximately 1% as much endotoxin as did the particles. Therefore, it is erroneous to assume that particles do not contain endotoxin on the basis of data that it cannot be detected in their supernatants or filtrates. These results emphasize the importance of considering the potential role of adherent endotoxin when examining the in vitro effects of wear particles and the in vivo performance of orthopaedic implants. We also developed a protocol that removed more than 99.94% of the adherent endotoxin from the titanium particles without detectably affecting their size or shape. The removal of adherent endotoxin will allow comparison of the biological responses induced by particles with or without adherent endotoxin.