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Sex differences in stress effects on emotional learning
Author(s) -
Merz Christian J.,
Wolf Oliver T.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
journal of neuroscience research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.72
H-Index - 160
eISSN - 1097-4547
pISSN - 0360-4012
DOI - 10.1002/jnr.23811
Subject(s) - psychology , extinction (optical mineralogy) , effects of stress on memory , stress (linguistics) , hormone , developmental psychology , cognition , affect (linguistics) , fear conditioning , menstrual cycle , cognitive psychology , clinical psychology , neuroscience , medicine , hippocampus , memory consolidation , amygdala , communication , endocrinology , paleontology , linguistics , philosophy , biology
Stress influences emotional learning and memory processes. These effects are thought to underlie stress‐associated mental disorders. Sex differences in stress reactivity and in central nervous system stress sensitivity illustrate the important modulatory role of sex hormones. This Review outlines how stress hormones influence different stages of the fear conditioning process, such as fear acquisition, extinction, and retrieval. Results will be compared with findings on the impact of stress on episodic memory. The focus is on the available human data on sex differences and the impact sex hormones have on the stress effects on emotional learning and memory. It will become apparent that the menstrual cycle but also the intake of hormonal contraceptives modulates the impact of stress on brain and behavior. Additional basic research is needed for a deeper insight regarding the interplay between stress and sex hormones in emotion and cognition. In addition, new treatment options might be derived to optimize existing strategies such as exposure therapy, which relies on the principles of fear conditioning. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.