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Respiratory‐induced venous blood flow effects using flexible retrospective double‐gating
Author(s) -
Schrauben Eric M.,
Anderson Ashley G.,
Johnson Kevin M.,
Wieben Oliver
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
journal of magnetic resonance imaging
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.563
H-Index - 160
eISSN - 1522-2586
pISSN - 1053-1807
DOI - 10.1002/jmri.24746
Subject(s) - gating , blood flow , medicine , respiratory system , retrospective cohort study , cardiology , physiology
Background To demonstrate a novel velocity sensitive acquisition and retrospective cardiorespiratory double‐gated reconstruction scheme to examine respiratory effect on venous blood flow in healthy volunteers. Methods Radial two dimensional (2D) phase contrast MR is performed at 3 Tesla in the internal jugular vein (IJV) of healthy volunteers (n = 6). Data are retrospectively partitioned based on respiratory waveforms using three schemes: moving average for respiration plateaus, gradient for active respiration, and ten respiratory phases that are cardiac time‐averaged. A single 4D flow MR scan is performed in the neck of a healthy volunteer. After gradient operation, blood velocity measurements are made along the IJV length. Percent changes from expiration to inspiration for moving average and gradient techniques are statistically compared with paired t‐tests. Results Percent change increase in summed IJV mean and peak blood flow during active inspiration versus active expiration in 2D was significant (mean flow: 11.5 ± 8.0%, peak flow: 11.9 ± 5.9%, P < 0.01). Smallest cross‐sectional area and largest blood velocity are seen during inspiration phases (phase number: area‐6.5 ± 3.6, velocity‐6.2 ± 3.2). Significant increase in mean velocity along the length of the IJV was observed in 3D, with increasing percent changes more proximal to the chest (mean, 39 ± 30%; range, 0–93%, P = 0.001). Conclusion With a radial acquisition, this pilot study demonstrates feasibility of simultaneous retrospective cardiorespiratory gating in IJV flow. Greatest differences in flow occur between active respiration phases, increasing in magnitude more proximal to the chest. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:211–216 . © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc .