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Inhibitory effect of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on ROS, autophagy formation, and mRNA replication for influenza virus infection
Author(s) -
Enkhtaivan Gansukh,
Muthuraman Pandurangan,
Kim Doo Hwan
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
journal of molecular recognition
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.401
H-Index - 79
eISSN - 1099-1352
pISSN - 0952-3499
DOI - 10.1002/jmr.2616
Subject(s) - virus , virology , cytopathic effect , biology , viral replication , influenza a virus , cytotoxicity , microbiology and biotechnology , real time polymerase chain reaction , polymerase , enzyme , gene , in vitro , biochemistry
Influenza virus has had a high rate of antigenic shift and drift that causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. The lack of excellent pharmacological treatment underlines the importance of the development of the novel antiviral drugs. We investigated the anti‐influenza A and B viruses of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D), which is the synthetic analog to auxin and is used as a popular herbicide in the agricultural practices. 2,4‐D was evaluated using a cytopathic effect reduction method; assay results showed that 2,4‐D possessed strong anti‐influenza A and B viruses inhibiting the formation of a visible cytopathic effect. Influenza viral RNA expression was performed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. 2,4‐D also inhibited virus replication in the early stage of influenza virus infection without direct interaction with virus particles. Additionally, 2,4‐D significantly inhibited various factors occur during influenza virus infection as the acidic vesicular formation and reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, 2,4‐D represented no cytotoxicity in normal kidney cell. Therefore, these findings provide an understanding of the mechanism and efficient use of 2,4‐D in pharmacological applications against influenza virus infection.