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Location is the key to function: HMGB1 in sepsis and trauma‐induced inflammation
Author(s) -
Deng Meihong,
Scott Melanie J.,
Fan Jie,
Billiar Timothy R.
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
journal of leukocyte biology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.819
H-Index - 191
eISSN - 1938-3673
pISSN - 0741-5400
DOI - 10.1002/jlb.3mir1218-497r
Subject(s) - hmgb1 , damp , biology , sepsis , lytic cycle , inflammation , microbiology and biotechnology , intracellular , cytosol , function (biology) , high mobility group , nuclear protein , immunology , biochemistry , virus , gene , physics , meteorology , transcription factor , enzyme
Abstract High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a multifunctional nuclear protein, probably known best as a prototypical alarmin or damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule when released from cells. However, HMGB1 has multiple functions that depend on its location in the nucleus, in the cytosol, or extracellularly after either active release from cells, or passive release upon lytic cell death. Movement of HMGB1 between cellular compartments is a dynamic process induced by a variety of cell stresses and disease processes, including sepsis, trauma, and hemorrhagic shock. Location of HMGB1 is intricately linked with its function and is regulated by a series of posttranslational modifications. HMGB1 function is also regulated by the redox status of critical cysteine residues within the protein, and is cell‐type dependent. This review highlights some of the mechanisms that contribute to location and functions of HMGB1, and focuses on some recent insights on important intracellular effects of HMGB1 during sepsis and trauma.