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Shaping eosinophil identity in the tissue contexts of development, homeostasis, and disease
Author(s) -
AbdalaValencia Hiam,
Coden Mackenzie E.,
Chiarella Sergio E.,
Jacobsen Elizabeth A.,
Bochner Bruce S.,
Lee James J.,
Berdnikovs Sergejs
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
journal of leukocyte biology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.819
H-Index - 191
eISSN - 1938-3673
pISSN - 0741-5400
DOI - 10.1002/jlb.1mr1117-442rr
Subject(s) - eosinophil , biology , microbiology and biotechnology , homeostasis , immune system , extracellular matrix , immunology , innate immune system , phenotype , genetics , asthma , gene
Eosinophils play homeostatic roles in different tissues and are found in several organs at a homeostatic baseline, though their tissue numbers increase significantly in development and disease. The morphological, phenotypical, and functional plasticity of recruited eosinophils are influenced by the dynamic tissue microenvironment changes between homeostatic, morphogenetic, and disease states. Activity of the epithelial‐mesenchymal interface, extracellular matrix, hormonal inputs, metabolic state of the environment, as well as epithelial and mesenchymal‐derived innate cytokines and growth factors all have the potential to regulate the attraction, retention, in situ hematopoiesis, phenotype, and function of eosinophils. This review examines the reciprocal relationship between eosinophils and such tissue factors, specifically addressing: (1) tissue microenvironments associated with the presence and activity of eosinophils; (2) non‐immune tissue ligands regulatory for eosinophil accumulation, hematopoiesis, phenotype, and function (with an emphasis on the extracellular matrix and epithelial–mesenchymal interface); (3) the contribution of eosinophils to regulating tissue biology; (4) eosinophil phenotypic heterogeneity in different tissue microenvironments, classifying eosinophils as progenitors, steady state eosinophils, and Type 1 and 2 activated phenotypes. An appreciation of eosinophil regulation by non‐immune tissue factors is necessary for completing the picture of eosinophil immune activation and understanding the functional contribution of these cells to development, homeostasis, and disease.