Think global, act local: the experience of Global Fund and PEPFAR joint cascade assessments to harmonize and strengthen key population HIV programmes in eight countries

The Global Fund and the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) are major donors to HIV services with key populations ( KP s) to achieve the UNAIDS 95‐95‐95 epidemic control goals. The programmes they fund are not always well aligned or coordinated, decreasing their effectiveness. Joint assessments are designed and led by LINKAGES , a project funded by PEPFAR and the US Agency for International Development, to improve coordination among donors and on‐the‐ground implementation of KP HIV programmes. Joint assessments help identify barriers that prevent KP s from accessing interventions along the cascade of prevention, diagnosis and treatment services, and provide recommendations to improve and align programmes. Detailed reports from eight assessments in Malawi, Cameroon, Swaziland, Haiti, Angola, Nepal, Côte d'Ivoire and Botswana were analysed for thematic challenges, and recommendations are presented. The purpose of the paper is to identify commonalities across KP HIV programmes that were found through the assessments so others can learn and then strengthen their programmes to become more effective. Discussion The joint cascade assessments offered countries feedback on HIV programme challenges and recommendations for strengthening them at national, subnational and local levels. Shared intervention areas included: (1) robust population size estimates to inform service delivery targets and to budget resources for KP outreach; (2) accessible and KP ‐friendly services most relevant to individuals to increase retention in the HIV cascade; (3) decentralized, community‐based services for HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy, and new approaches including self‐testing and Pr EP ; (4) addressing structural issues of stigma, discrimination and violence against KP s to create a more enabling environment; and (5) more effective and continual tracking of KP s across the cascade, and coordinated, harmonized monitoring tools and reporting systems between donor‐funded and national programmes. Conclusions The assessment teams and country stakeholders viewed the assessments as a best practice for coordinating donor‐funded programmes that may overlap or inefficiently serve KP s. Global and national HIV programmes need investments of time, resources, and commitment from stakeholders to continually course‐correct to align and improve programmes for sustained impact. The type of continued partnership demonstrated by the joint assessments is key to address HIV among KP s globally.