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On the synthesis and isolation of chlorocarbazoles obtained by chlorination of carbazoles
Author(s) -
Bonesi Sergio M.,
ErraBalsells Rosa
Publication year - 1997
Publication title -
journal of heterocyclic chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.321
H-Index - 59
eISSN - 1943-5193
pISSN - 0022-152X
DOI - 10.1002/jhet.5570340327
Subject(s) - chemistry , carbazole , sulfuryl chloride , dichloromethane , chloroform , reagent , chlorine , silica gel , acetic acid , reactivity (psychology) , electrophile , acetyl chloride , electrophilic substitution , electrophilic aromatic substitution , medicinal chemistry , organic chemistry , catalysis , medicine , alternative medicine , pathology , solvent
Carbazole ( 1 ) undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution with various chlorinating reagents. Although 3‐chlorocarbazole ( 1b ), 3,6‐dichlorocarbazole ( 1d ) and 1,3,6,8‐tetrachlorocarbazole ( 1f ) obtained by chlorination of carbazole were isolated and characterized sometime ago, 1‐chlorocarbazole ( 1a ), 1,6‐dichlorocarbazole ( 1c ) and 1,3,6‐trichlorocarbazole ( 1e ) had never been isolated from the reaction mixtures. The preparation and subsequent isolation and characterization of 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e and 1f are reported (mp, t R, R f , 1 H‐ and 13 C‐nmr, ms). Physical and spectroscopic properties of 1c are compared with those of 1b and 1d in order to show that the former is the major product obtained in several chlorinating processes. As chlorinating reagents, chlorine in glacial acetic acid, sulfuryl chloride, N ‐chlorosuccinimide, N ‐chlorosuccinimide‐silica gel, N ‐chlorobenzotriazole, and N ‐chlorobenzotriazole‐silica gel in dichloromethane and in chloroform have been used and their uses have been compared. The chlorination reaction of different carbazole derivatives such as 2‐hydroxycarbazole ( 2 ), 2‐acetoxycarbazole ( 3 ), 3‐bromocarbazole ( 4 ) and 3‐nitrocarbazole ( 5 ) was also studied and the corresponding chloro derivatives 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 5a and 5b are described for the first time. Semiempirical PM3 calculations have been performed in order to predict reactivity of carbazole ( 1 ), substituted carbazoles 2–5 and chlorocarbazoles (Scheme 1). Theoretical and experimental results are discussed briefly.