A classification of organic redox reactions and writing balanced equations for them, with special attention to heteroatoms and heterocyclic compounds

Organic redox reactions are classified either as atom transfers (balanced by inspection) or as more complex transformations (balanced by change in oxidation number, ON, by change in DOX value, by electrochemical half‐reaction, or by simultaneous linear algebraic equations). Examples presented include not only involvement of hydrogen or oxygen but also extensions to halogens, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Complex reactions are subdivided into ones which proceed (a) without change in the number of carbon atoms per molecule, (b) with fragmentation of the carbon assemblage in the starting material, or (c) with condensation of two or more molecules of organic starting materials.