Premium
Arctic surface temperature change to emissions of black carbon within Arctic or midlatitudes
Author(s) -
Sand Maria,
Berntsen Terje Koren,
Seland Øyvind,
Kristjánsson Jón Egill
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: atmospheres
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2169-8996
pISSN - 2169-897X
DOI - 10.1002/jgrd.50613
Subject(s) - middle latitudes , arctic , arctic geoengineering , environmental science , atmospheric sciences , snow , climatology , climate change , arctic dipole anomaly , arctic sea ice decline , arctic ice pack , geography , meteorology , oceanography , geology , sea ice thickness , drift ice , antarctic sea ice
In this study, we address the question of how sensitive the Arctic climate is to black carbon (BC) emitted within the Arctic compared to BC emitted at midlatitudes. We consider the emission‐climate response spectrum and present a set of experiments using a global climate model. A new emission data set including BC emissions from flaring and a seasonal variation in the domestic sector has been used. The climate model includes a snow model to simulate the climate effect of BC deposited on snow. We find that BC emitted within the Arctic has an almost five times larger Arctic surface temperature response (per unit of emitted mass) compared to emissions at midlatitudes. Especially during winter, BC emitted in North‐Eurasia is transported into the high Arctic at low altitudes. A large fraction of the surface temperature response from BC is due to increased absorption when BC is deposited on snow and sea ice with associated feedbacks. Today there are few within‐Arctic sources of BC, but the emissions are expected to grow due to increased human activity in the Arctic. There is a great need to improve cleaner technologies if further development is to take place in the Arctic, especially since the Arctic has a significantly higher sensitivity to BC emitted within the Arctic compared to BC emitted at midlatitudes.