Premium
A study of the shortwave direct aerosol forcing using ESSP/CALIPSO observation and GCM simulation
Author(s) -
Oikawa Eiji,
Nakajima Teruyuki,
Inoue Toshiro,
Winker David
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: atmospheres
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2169-8996
pISSN - 2169-897X
DOI - 10.1002/jgrd.50227
Subject(s) - sky , shortwave , environmental science , aerosol , atmospheric sciences , albedo (alchemy) , cloud forcing , forcing (mathematics) , radiative forcing , climatology , meteorology , lidar , single scattering albedo , climate model , radiative transfer , remote sensing , physics , geography , climate change , geology , oceanography , quantum mechanics , art , performance art , art history
Shortwave direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF) is derived at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface under clear‐sky, cloudy‐sky, and all‐sky conditions using data of space‐borne CALIOP lidar and MODIS sensor. We investigate four scenarios for evaluating the DARF: clear‐sky, the case that aerosols exist above clouds, the case that aerosols exist below high‐level clouds, and the case that aerosols are not detected by CALIOP in cloudy‐sky condition. The cloudy‐sky DARF is estimated by the latter three scenarios. The all‐sky DARF is the combination of clear‐sky and cloudy‐sky DARF weighted by the cloud occurrence. They are then compared with DARF calculated by a global aerosol model, SPRINTARS. The results show that the TOA forcing over desert regions caused by dust with single scattering albedo (SSA) of 0.92 is positive regardless of cloud existence, due to high solar surface albedo. Off southern Africa, smoke aerosols with SSA of 0.84 above low‐level clouds are observed and simulated and the annual mean TOA cloudy‐sky DARF is estimated at more than +3 Wm −2 , consistent with past studies. Aerosols with SSA of 0.96 within optically thin clouds cause a TOA negative forcing, while that within optically thick clouds cause a TOA positive forcing. This indicates that aerosols within optically thick clouds cause positive forcing in our radiative transfer calculation, regardless of SSA. Annual zonal averages of DARF from 60°S to 60°N under clear‐sky, cloudy‐sky, and all‐sky are −2.97, +0.07, and −0.61 Wm −2 from CALIOP and −2.78, +1.07, and −0.58 Wm −2 from SPRINTARS.