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Mechanism of in vivo DNA transport into cells by electroporation: electrophoresis across the plasma membrane may not be involved
Author(s) -
Liu Feng,
Heston Steve,
Shollenberger Lisa M,
Sun Bin,
Mickle Marlin,
Lovell Michael,
Huang Leaf
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
the journal of gene medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.689
H-Index - 91
eISSN - 1521-2254
pISSN - 1099-498X
DOI - 10.1002/jgm.851
Subject(s) - electroporation , in vivo , dna , biology , microbiology and biotechnology , polarity (international relations) , transfection , biophysics , gene , chemistry , cell , biochemistry , genetics
Background Recently, in vivo gene transfer with electroporation (electro‐gene transfer) has emerged as a leading technology for developing nonviral gene therapies and nucleic acid vaccines. The widely hypothesized mechanism is that electroporation induces structural defects in the membrane and provides an electrophoretic force to facilitate DNA crossing the permeabilized membrane. In this study, we have designed a device and experiments to test the hypothesis. Methods In this study, we have designed a device that alternates the polarity of the applied electric field to elucidate the mechanism of in vivo electro‐gene transfer. We also designed experiments to challenge the theory that the low‐voltage (LV) pulses cannot permeabilize the membrane and are only involved in DNA electrophoresis, and answer the arguments that (1) the reversed polarity pulses can cause opposing sides of the cell membrane to become permeabilized and provide the electrophoresis for DNA entry; or (2) once DNA enters cytoplasmic/endosomal compartments after electroporation, it may bind to cellular entities and might not be reversibly extracted. Thus a gradual buildup of the DNA in the cell still seems quite possible even under the condition of the rapid reversal of polarity. Results Our results indicate that electrophoresis does not play an important role in in vivo electro‐gene transfer. Conclusions This study provides new insights into the mechanism of electro‐gene transfer, and may allow the definition of newer and more efficient conditions for in vivo electroporation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.