Adhesive pads of gecko and anoline lizards utilize corneous and cytoskeletal proteins for setae development and renewal

The formation of the complex pattern of setae in adhesive pads of geckos and anoline lizards has been analyzed by ultrastructural, autoradiographic, and immunohistochemical methods. Setae terminate with spatulated ends responsible for adhesion that allow these lizards to climb vertical substrates and conquer arboreal niches. Setae derive from a complex interfaced molding between two specialized epidermal layers of the shedding complex that determines the cyclical skin molting, Oberhautchen and clear layers. Setae result from the action of setae cytoskeleton and the surrounding cytoplasm of clear cells. An intense protein synthesis, indicated by histidine and proline autoradiography, takes place during setae formation. Corneous and cytoskeletal proteins such as beta‐proteins (CBPs), intermediate filament keratins (IFKs), actin, RhoV, tubulin, plakophilin‐1, are produced during setae formation. Microfilaments of actin and microtubules of tubulin grow inside the elongating setae. Microtubules associated with filaments of unknown IKFs are produced in the cytoplasm of clear cells, forming a helical cytoskeleton that surrounds the growing setae. Oberhautchen and clear cells are tightly joined by numerous desmosomes and plakophilin‐1 is mainly localized along the perimeter of these cells. These observations suggest that actin and tubulin are present in a dynamic form in the forming setae and in the surrounding cytoplasm of clear cells. Aside the localized micro‐deformations of the cell membranes leading to setae formation the cytoskeleton determines the accumulation of CBPs inside the growing setae and the spatula. How the genome determines the specific pattern of cytoskeletal organization with the resulting species‐specific setae branching remains unknown.