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Hydrodynamics of the bladderwort feeding strike
Author(s) -
Berg Otto,
Brown Matthew D.,
Schwaner M. Janneke,
Hall Maxwell R.,
Müller Ulrike K.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
journal of experimental zoology part a: ecological and integrative physiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.834
H-Index - 11
eISSN - 2471-5646
pISSN - 2471-5638
DOI - 10.1002/jez.2318
Subject(s) - mechanics , suction , bernoulli's principle , inviscid flow , flow (mathematics) , steady state (chemistry) , work (physics) , acceleration , physics , vortex , control theory (sociology) , environmental science , thermodynamics , classical mechanics , chemistry , computer science , control (management) , artificial intelligence
The aquatic bladderwort Utricularia gibba captures zooplankton in mechanically triggered underwater traps. With characteristic dimensions <1 mm, the trapping structures are among the smallest known that work by suction—a mechanism that would not be effective in the creeping‐flow regime. To understand the adaptations that make suction feeding possible on this small scale, we have measured internal flow speeds during artificially triggered feeding strikes in the absence of prey. These data are compared with complementary analytical models of the suction event: an inviscid model of the jet development in time and a steady‐state model incorporating friction. The initial dynamics are well described by a time‐dependent Bernoulli equation in which the action of the trap door is represented by a step increase in driving pressure. According to this model, the observed maximum flow speed (5.2 m/s) depends only on the pressure difference, whereas the initial acceleration (3 × 10 4 m/s 2 ) is determined by pressure difference and channel length. Because the terminal speed is achieved quickly (~0.2 ms) and the channel is short, the remainder of the suction event (~2.0 ms) is effectively an undeveloped viscous steady state. The steady‐state model predicts that only 17% of power is lost to friction. The energy efficiency and steady‐state fluid speed decrease rapidly with decreasing channel diameter, setting a lower limit on practical bladderwort size.