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Molecular characterization of autophagic and apoptotic signaling induced by sorafenib in liver cancer cells
Author(s) -
RodríguezHernández María A.,
González Raúl,
Rosa Ángel J.,
Gallego Paloma,
Ordóñez Raquel,
NavarroVillarán Elena,
Contreras Laura,
RodríguezArribas Mario,
GonzálezGallego Javier,
ÁlamoMartínez José M.,
MarínGómez Luís M.,
Del Campo José A.,
Quiles José L.,
Fuentes José M.,
Cruz Jesús,
Mauriz José L.,
Padillo Francisco J.,
Muntané Jordi
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
journal of cellular physiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.529
H-Index - 174
eISSN - 1097-4652
pISSN - 0021-9541
DOI - 10.1002/jcp.26855
Subject(s) - sorafenib , autophagy , protein kinase b , pi3k/akt/mtor pathway , cancer research , unfolded protein response , ampk , chemistry , small interfering rna , chop , apoptosis , microbiology and biotechnology , kinase , protein kinase a , signal transduction , biology , endoplasmic reticulum , transfection , biochemistry , hepatocellular carcinoma , gene
Sorafenib is the unique accepted molecular targeted drug for the treatment of patients in advanced stage of hepatocellular carcinoma. The current study evaluated cell signaling regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase (JNK), Akt, and 5′AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) leading to autophagy and apoptosis induced by sorafenib. Sorafenib induced early (3–12 hr) ER stress characterized by an increase of Ser51 P‐eIF2α/eIF2α, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), IRE1α, and sXBP1, but a decrease of activating transcription factor 6 expression, overall temporally associated with the increase of Thr183,Tyr185 P‐JNK1/2/JNK1/2, Thr172 P‐AMPKα, Ser413 P‐Foxo3a, Thr308 P‐AKt/AKt and Thr32 P‐Foxo3a/Foxo3a ratios, and reduction of Ser2481 P‐mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/mTOR and protein translation. This pattern was related to a transient increase of tBid, Bim EL , Beclin‐1, Bcl‐xL, Bcl‐2, autophagy markers, and reduction of myeloid cell leukemia‐1 (Mcl‐1) expression. The progressive increase of CHOP expression, and reduction of Thr308 P‐AKt/AKt and Ser473 P‐AKt/AKt ratios were associated with the reduction of autophagic flux and an additional upregulation of Bim EL expression and caspase‐3 activity (24 hr). Small interfering‐RNA (si‐RNA) assays showed that Bim, but not Bak and Bax, was involved in the induction of caspase‐3 in sorafenib‐treated HepG2 cells. Sorafenib increased autophagic and apoptotic markers in tumor‐derived xenograft model. In conclusion, the early sorafenib‐induced ER stress and regulation of JNK and AMPK‐dependent signaling were related to the induction of survival autophagic process. The sustained drug treatment induced a progressive increase of ER stress and PERK‐CHOP‐dependent rise of Bim EL , which was associated with the shift from autophagy to apoptosis. The kinetic of Bim EL expression profile might also be related to the tight balance between AKt‐ and AMPK‐related signaling leading to Foxo3a‐dependent BIM EL upregulation.