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Beyond voltage‐gated ion channels: Voltage‐operated membrane proteins and cellular processes
Author(s) -
Zhang Jianping,
Chen Xingjuan,
Xue Yucong,
Gamper Nikita,
Zhang Xuan
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
journal of cellular physiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.529
H-Index - 174
eISSN - 1097-4652
pISSN - 0021-9541
DOI - 10.1002/jcp.26555
Subject(s) - ion channel , voltage gated ion channel , voltage , biophysics , ion , membrane potential , membrane , ion transporter , chemistry , membrane protein , microbiology and biotechnology , biology , biochemistry , electrical engineering , engineering , receptor , organic chemistry
Voltage‐gated ion channels were believed to be the only voltage‐sensitive proteins in excitable (and some non‐excitable) cells for a long time. Emerging evidence indicates that the voltage‐operated model is shared by some other transmembrane proteins expressed in both excitable and non‐excitable cells. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about voltage‐operated proteins, which are not classic voltage‐gated ion channels as well as the voltage‐dependent processes in cells for which single voltage‐sensitive proteins have yet to be identified. Particularly, we will focus on the following. (1) Voltage‐sensitive phosphoinositide phosphatases (VSP) with four transmembrane segments homologous to the voltage sensor domain (VSD) of voltage‐gated ion channels; VSPs are the first family of proteins, other than the voltage‐gated ion channels, for which there is sufficient evidence for the existence of the VSD domain; (2) Voltage‐gated proton channels comprising of a single voltage‐sensing domain and lacking an identified pore domain; (3) G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate the depolarization‐evoked potentiation of Ca 2+ mobilization; (4) Plasma membrane (PM) depolarization‐induced but Ca 2+ ‐independent exocytosis in neurons. (5) Voltage‐dependent metabolism of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PtdIns[4,5]P 2 , PIP 2 ) in the PM. These recent discoveries expand our understanding of voltage‐operated processes within cellular membranes.