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Hydrogen Sulfide Epigenetically Attenuates Homocysteine‐Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity Mediated Through NMDA Receptor in Mouse Brain Endothelial (bEnd3) Cells
Author(s) -
Kamat Pradip K.,
Kalani Anuradha,
Tyagi Suresh C.,
Tyagi Neetu
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
journal of cellular physiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.529
H-Index - 174
eISSN - 1097-4652
pISSN - 0021-9541
DOI - 10.1002/jcp.24722
Subject(s) - oxidative stress , mitochondrion , chemistry , nox4 , nadph oxidase , biochemistry , biology , pharmacology , microbiology and biotechnology
Previously we have shown that homocysteine (Hcy) caused oxidative stress and altered mitochondrial function. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) has potent anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidative, and anti‐apoptotic effects. Therefore, in the present study we examined whether H 2 S ameliorates Hcy‐induced mitochondrial toxicity which led to endothelial dysfunction in part, by epigenetic alterations in mouse brain endothelial cells (bEnd3). The bEnd3 cells were exposed to 100 μM Hcy treatment in the presence or absence of 30 μM NaHS (donor of H 2 S) for 24 h. Hcy‐activate NMDA receptor and induced mitochondrial toxicity by increased levels of Ca 2+ , NADPH‐oxidase‐4 (NOX‐4) expression, mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and decreased the level of nitrate, superoxide dismutase (SOD‐2) expression, mitochondria membrane potentials, ATP production. To confirm the role of epigenetic, 5′‐azacitidine (an epigenetic modulator) treatment was given to the cells. Pretreatment with NaHS (30 μM) attenuated the Hcy‐induced increased expression of DNMT1, DNMT3a, Ca 2+ , and decreased expression of DNMT3b in bEND3 cells. Furthermore, NaHS treatment also mitigated mitochondrial oxidative stress (NOX4, ROS, and NO) and restored ATP that indicates its protective effects against mitochondrial toxicity. Additional, NaHS significantly alleviated Hcy‐induced LC3‐I/II, CSE, Atg3/7, and low p62 expression which confirm its effect on mitophagy. Likewise, NaHS also restored level of eNOS, CD31, VE‐cadherin and ET‐1 and maintains endothelial function in Hcy treated cells. Molecular inhibition of NMDA receptor by using small interfering RNA showed protective effect whereas inhibition of H 2 S production by propargylglycine (PG) (inhibitor of enzyme CSE) showed mitotoxic effect. Taken together, results demonstrate that, administration of H 2 S protected the cells from HHcy‐induced mitochondrial toxicity and endothelial dysfunction. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 378–394, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.