Inhibition of cell‐cell adhesion and morphogenesis of Dictyostelium by carnitine

Carnitine (γ‐trimethylammonium β‐hydroxy‐butyric acid) possesses the novel property of preventing cell aggregation elicited by clusterin or by fibrinogen (I.B. Fritz and K. Burdzy, J. Cell. Physiol., 140: 18–28 [1989]). In investigations reported here, we show that carnitine also affects cell‐cell adhesion in Dicytostelium discoideum , a cellular slime mold whose cells interact in specific and complex manners during discrete stages of development. Two types of cell adhesion systems sequentially appear on the surface of developing Dictyostelium cells, involving the surface glycoprotein gp24 which mediates EDTA‐sensitive binding sites, and the surface glycoprotein gp80 which mediates the EDTA‐resistant binding sites. Addition of increasing concentrations of D(+)‐carnitine and L(‐)‐carnitine resulted in a progressive inhibition of both the EDTA‐sensitive binding sites and the EDTA‐resistant binding sites of Dictyostelium cells at different stages of development. In contrast, comparable or higher concentrations of choline, acetyl‐β‐methylcholine, or deoxycarnitine had no detectable effects on cell aggregation. Concentrations of carnitine required for 50% inhibition of EDTA‐resistant adhesion sites were found to be dependent upon levels of gp80 expressed by Dictyostelium , with greatest inhibition by carnitine of reassociation of cells containing the lowest levels of gp80. Removal of carnitine from cells by washing resulted in the rapid restoration of the ability of Dictyostelium to form aggregates and to resume normal development. We discuss possible mechanisms by which carnitine inhibits the aggregation of cells. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.