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15‐deoxy‐Δ 12,14 prostaglandin J 2 synergizes with phorbol ester to induce proliferation in Swiss 3T3 cells independently of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma and PGD 2 receptors
Author(s) -
Castaño E.,
Gil J.
Publication year - 2003
Publication title -
journal of cellular physiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.529
H-Index - 174
eISSN - 1097-4652
pISSN - 0021-9541
DOI - 10.1002/jcp.10250
Subject(s) - ciglitazone , peroxisome proliferator activated receptor , mapk/erk pathway , receptor , dna synthesis , chemistry , phorbol , signal transduction , endocrinology , biology , medicine , protein kinase c , biochemistry , dna
15‐deoxy‐Δ 12,14 prostaglandin J 2 (15dPGJ 2 ), a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligand, induced synergistic stimulation of DNA synthesis in the presence of phorbol dibutyrate (PDB) in Swiss 3T3 cells. This effect was dose‐dependent and the maximum response was obtained at 2 μM 15dPGJ 2 , although higher concentrations of 15dPGJ 2 were cytotoxic. Furthermore, 15dPGJ 2 synergizes with PDB to induce cell‐cycle progression and cyclin D 1 expression. Rosiglitazone and ciglitazone, two other agonists of PPARγ, did not synergize with PDB to induce DNA synthesis, suggesting that activation of PPARγ is not involved in 15dPGJ 2 ‐induced DNA synthesis. 15dPGJ 2 neither increased the levels of cAMP, nor changed the phosphorylation state of CREB, nor induced calcium mobilization, indicating that 15dPGJ 2 effects are independent of prostaglandin D 2 receptor (DP1 and DP2). Moreover, 15dPGJ 2 did not induce activation of PKB/AKT or activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). These results establish a proliferative role for 15dPGJ 2 in Swiss 3T3 cells independent of the activation of PPARγ or the PGD 2 receptors. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.