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Between‐therapist and within‐therapist differences in the quality of the therapeutic relationship: effects on maladjustment and self‐critical perfectionism
Author(s) -
Zuroff David C.,
Kelly Allison C.,
Leybman Michelle J.,
Blatt Sidney J.,
Wampold Bruce E.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
journal of clinical psychology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.124
H-Index - 119
eISSN - 1097-4679
pISSN - 0021-9762
DOI - 10.1002/jclp.20683
Subject(s) - psychology , empathy , perfectionism (psychology) , psychotherapist , therapeutic relationship , clinical psychology , interpersonal communication , depression (economics) , psychiatry , social psychology , economics , macroeconomics
The relationship between therapeutic outcome and a patient‐reported measure of the Rogerian conditions of positive regard, empathy, and genuineness was decomposed into between‐therapist effects and within‐therapist effects using multilevel modeling. Data were available for 157 depressed outpatients treated by 27 therapists in the cognitive‐behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, or placebo with clinical management conditions of the Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (Elkin, 1994). Consistent with prior findings of significant between‐therapist variability in outcome (e.g., Baldwin, Wampold, & Imel, 2007), patients whose therapists provided high average levels of the perceived Rogerian conditions across the patients in their caseloads experienced more rapid reductions in both overall maladjustment and depressive vulnerability (self‐critical perfectionism). Within each therapist's caseload, differences between patients in perceived Rogerian conditions had weaker effects. The results underline the importance of differences between therapists as determinants of outcome in the treatment of depression. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: 66:1–17, 2010.