The implementation of a fast and accurate QM/MM potential method in Amber

Version 9 of the Amber simulation programs includes a new semi‐empirical hybrid QM/MM functionality. This includes support for implicit solvent (generalized Born) and for periodic explicit solvent simulations using a newly developed QM/MM implementation of the particle mesh Ewald (PME) method. The code provides sufficiently accurate gradients to run constant energy QM/MM MD simulations for many nanoseconds. The link atom approach used for treating the QM/MM boundary shows improved performance, and the user interface has been rewritten to bring the format into line with classical MD simulations. Support is provided for the PM3, PDDG/PM3, PM3CARB1, AM1, MNDO, and PDDG/MNDO semi‐empirical Hamiltonians as well as the self‐consistent charge density functional tight binding (SCC‐DFTB) method. Performance has been improved to the point where using QM/MM, for a QM system of 71 atoms within an explicitly solvated protein using periodic boundaries and PME requires less than twice the cpu time of the corresponding classical simulation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2008