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Urea: An ab initio and force field study of the gas and solid phases
Author(s) -
Sun H.,
Kung P. W.C.
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
journal of computational chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.907
H-Index - 188
eISSN - 1096-987X
pISSN - 0192-8651
DOI - 10.1002/jcc.20153
Subject(s) - ab initio , force field (fiction) , chemistry , planar , ab initio quantum chemistry methods , molecular dynamics , molecular physics , crystal structure , field (mathematics) , atomic physics , computational chemistry , molecule , crystallography , physics , quantum mechanics , computer graphics (images) , mathematics , organic chemistry , computer science , pure mathematics
We have studied the gaseous and solid phases of urea using both quantum mechanics calculation and force field simulation methods. Our ab initio calculations confirmed experimental observations that urea structure is planar in the crystal, but nonplanar in the gas phase. Based on electron structure analysis, we suggest that the significant difference between these two structures in different environments can be qualitatively explained by two resonance structures. The planar structure is more polarized than the nonplanar one, and the former is stabilized in the solid phases due to strong electrostatic interactions. We found classical force field method is incapable to represent such strong polarization effect. Using molecular dynamics simulations with a force field optimized for condensed phases, we calculated the crystalline structures of urea in the temperature range of 12 to 293 K. The densities as well as cell parameters are within 2% deviation from the experimental data in the temperature range. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 169–174, 2005