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Significant deterioration in nanomechanical quality occurs through incomplete extrafibrillar mineralization in rachitic bone: Evidence from in‐situ synchrotron X‐ray scattering and backscattered electron imaging
Author(s) -
Karunaratne Angelo,
Esapa Christopher R,
Hiller Jennifer,
Boyde Alan,
Head Rosie,
Bassett JH Duncan,
Terrill Nicholas J,
Williams Graham R,
Brown Matthew A,
Croucher Peter I,
Brown Steve DM,
Cox Roger D,
Barber Asa H,
Thakker Rajesh V,
Gupta Himadri S
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
journal of bone and mineral research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.882
H-Index - 241
eISSN - 1523-4681
pISSN - 0884-0431
DOI - 10.1002/jbmr.1495
Subject(s) - biophysics , fibril , phex , rickets , osteogenesis imperfecta , bone remodeling , synchrotron , elastic modulus , mineralization (soil science) , crystallography , chemistry , materials science , anatomy , medicine , biology , composite material , optics , vitamin d and neurology , physics , organic chemistry , nitrogen
Bone diseases such as rickets and osteoporosis cause significant reduction in bone quantity and quality, which leads to mechanical abnormalities. However, the precise ultrastructural mechanism by which altered bone quality affects mechanical properties is not clearly understood. Here we demonstrate the functional link between altered bone quality (reduced mineralization) and abnormal fibrillar‐level mechanics using a novel, real‐time synchrotron X‐ray nanomechanical imaging method to study a mouse model with rickets due to reduced extrafibrillar mineralization. A previously unreported N ‐ethyl‐ N ‐nitrosourea (ENU) mouse model for hypophosphatemic rickets (Hpr), as a result of missense Trp314Arg mutation of the phosphate regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidase on the X chromosome (Phex) and with features consistent with X‐linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR) in man, was investigated using in situ synchrotron small angle X‐ray scattering to measure real‐time changes in axial periodicity of the nanoscale mineralized fibrils in bone during tensile loading. These determine nanomechanical parameters including fibril elastic modulus and maximum fibril strain. Mineral content was estimated using backscattered electron imaging. A significant reduction of effective fibril modulus and enhancement of maximum fibril strain was found in Hpr mice. Effective fibril modulus and maximum fibril strain in the elastic region increased consistently with age in Hpr and wild‐type mice. However, the mean mineral content was ∼21% lower in Hpr mice and was more heterogeneous in its distribution. Our results are consistent with a nanostructural mechanism in which incompletely mineralized fibrils show greater extensibility and lower stiffness, leading to macroscopic outcomes such as greater bone flexibility. Our study demonstrates the value of in situ X‐ray nanomechanical imaging in linking the alterations in bone nanostructure to nanoscale mechanical deterioration in a metabolic bone disease. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.