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Hemostatic strategies for uncontrolled bleeding: A comprehensive update
Author(s) -
Malik Annum,
Rehman Fiza Ur,
Shah Kifayat Ullah,
Naz Syeda Sohaila,
Qaisar Sara
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of biomedical materials research part b: applied biomaterials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.665
H-Index - 108
eISSN - 1552-4981
pISSN - 1552-4973
DOI - 10.1002/jbm.b.34806
Subject(s) - medicine , hemostasis , intensive care medicine , hemostatic agent , battlefield , tourniquet , hemostatics , surgery , blood loss , ancient history , history
Uncontrolled bleeding remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the entire macrocosm. It refers to excessive loss of blood that occurs inside of body, due to unsuccessful platelet plug formation at the injury site. It is not only limited to the battlefield, but remains the second leading cause of death amongst the civilians, as a result of traumatic injury. Startlingly, there are no effective treatments currently available, to cater the issue of internal bleeding, even though early intervention is of utmost significance in minimizing the mortality rates associated with it. The fatal issue of uncontrolled bleeding is ineffectively being dealt with the use of pressure dressings, tourniquet, and surgical procedures. This is not a practical approach in combat arenas or in emergency situations, where the traumatic injury inflicted is deep inside the body, and cannot be addressed externally, by the application of topical dressings. This review focuses on the traditional hemostatic agents that are used to augment the process of hemostasis, such as mineral zeolites, chitosan based products, biologically active agents, anti‐fibrinolytics, absorbable agents, and albumin and glutaraldehyde, as well as the micro‐ and nano‐based hemostatic agents such as synthocytes, thromboerythrocytes, thrombosomes, and the synthetic platelets.