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Reduced urothelial regeneration in rat bladders augmented with permeable porcine small intestinal submucosa assessed by magnetic resonance imaging
Author(s) -
Yang Qing,
Xia Ding,
Towner Rheal A.,
Smith Nataliya,
Saunders Debra,
Fung KarMing,
Aston Christopher E.,
GreenwoodVan Meerveld Beverley,
Hurst Robert E.,
Madihally Sundararajan V.,
Kropp Bradley P.,
Lin HsuehKung
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
journal of biomedical materials research part b: applied biomaterials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.665
H-Index - 108
eISSN - 1552-4981
pISSN - 1552-4973
DOI - 10.1002/jbm.b.33985
Subject(s) - urothelium , urinary bladder , magnetic resonance imaging , regeneration (biology) , pathology , urothelial cell , staining , bladder augmentation , immunohistochemistry , urology , submucosa , medicine , biology , microbiology and biotechnology , radiology
Augmentation enterocystoplasty remains the gold standard surgical bladder reconstruction procedure to increase the capacity and compliance of dysfunctional bladders. Since the use of the patient's intestine has severe risks of complications, alternative biodegradable matrices have been explored. Porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has gained immense interests in bladder reconstruction due to its favorable properties. However, trials have shown inconsistent regeneration with SIS, attributed to the heterogeneity in microstructures and mechanical properties. We hypothesize that uneven SIS permeability to urine is a factor responsible for the inconsistency. We measured permeability to urine in situ using a contrast enhanced‐magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and evaluated urothelium regeneration using immunohistochemical staining of urothelial cell markers in SIS‐augmented rat bladders. Results showed significant differences in permeability among SIS‐augmented rat bladders. Commercial SIS scaffolds were then categorized into nonleaky and leaky groups based on MRI results. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed higher numbers of inflammatory cells in leaky SIS on day 14 relative to nonleaky SIS. In addition, trichrome staining showed major changes in the distribution of collagen on day 28 between SIS‐augmented bladder groups. Furthermore, expressions of urothelium‐associated markers (cytokeratins AE1/AE3, claudin 4, and uroplakin III) were completed in bladders augmented with nonleaky SIS, whereas limited urothelial differentiation was noticed in leaky SIS‐augmented bladders at post‐augmentative day 14. These results show that scaffold permeability to urine may be responsible for variations in regenerative capacity of porcine SIS. Applications of MRI technique will be helpful to understand a relationship between biomaterial property and regenerative capacity. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1778–1787, 2018.