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In vitro macrophage response to nanometer‐size chromium oxide particles
Author(s) -
VanOs Robilyn,
Lildhar Levannia L.,
Lehoux Eric A.,
Beaulé Paul E.,
Catelas Isabelle
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
journal of biomedical materials research part b: applied biomaterials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.665
H-Index - 108
eISSN - 1552-4981
pISSN - 1552-4973
DOI - 10.1002/jbm.b.32991
Subject(s) - propidium iodide , cytotoxic t cell , particle size , monocyte , macrophage , biophysics , chemistry , proinflammatory cytokine , microbiology and biotechnology , in vitro , materials science , inflammation , apoptosis , immunology , biology , programmed cell death , biochemistry
Abstract An increasing number of studies have reported adverse tissue reactions around metal‐on‐metal (MM) hip implants. However, the origin and mechanisms of these reactions remain unclear. Moreover, the biological effects of nanometer‐size chromium oxide particles, the predominant type of wear particles produced by MM implants, remain mostly unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cytotoxic effects of clinically relevant nanometer‐size chromium oxide particles on macrophage response in vitro . J774.A1 macrophages were cultured with either 60 nm or 700 nm commercially available Cr 2 O 3 particles at different concentrations. Two different particle sizes were analyzed to evaluate potential volume effects. Cell mortality was analyzed by light microscopy, flow cytometry (annexin V‐fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide assay), and using a cell death detection enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1), and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1 alpha (MIP‐1α) release was measured by ELISA, and gene expression was analyzed by quantitative real‐time PCR. Results showed that, at high concentrations, Cr 2 O 3 particles of both sizes can be cytotoxic, inducing significant decreases in total cell numbers and increases in necrosis. Results also suggested that these effects were dependent on particle volume. However, TNF‐α, MCP‐1, and MIP‐1α cytokine release and gene expression remained low. Overall, this study demonstrates that nanometer‐size particles of Cr 2 O 3 , a stable form of chromium oxide ceramic, have rather low cytotoxic effects on macrophages. Therefore, these particles may not be the main culprit in the initiation of the inflammatory reaction in MM periprosthetic tissues. However, other parameters (e.g., potential intracellular damage) remain to be investigated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 149–159, 2014.