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Macrophage reactivity to different polymers demonstrates particle size‐ and material‐specific reactivity: PEEK‐OPTIMA ® particles versus UHMWPE particles in the submicron, micron, and 10 micron size ranges
Author(s) -
Hallab Nadim James,
McAllister Kyron,
Brady Mark,
JarmanSmith Marcus
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
journal of biomedical materials research part b: applied biomaterials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.665
H-Index - 108
eISSN - 1552-4981
pISSN - 1552-4973
DOI - 10.1002/jbm.b.31974
Subject(s) - peek , materials science , cytotoxicity , composite material , particle size , polyethylene , particle (ecology) , polymer , in vitro , chemistry , biology , biochemistry , ecology
Biologic reactivity to orthopedic implant debris is generally the main determinant of long‐term clinical performance where released polymeric particles of Ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) remain the most prevalent debris generated from metal‐on‐polymer bearing total joint arthroplasties. Polymeric alternatives to UHMWPE such as polyetherether‐ketone (PEEK) may have increased wear resistance but the bioreactivity of PEEK‐OPTIMA particles on peri‐implant inflammation remains largely uncharacterized. We evaluated human monocyte/macrophage responses (THP‐1s and primary human) when challenged by PEEK‐OPTIMA, UHMWPE, and X‐UHMWPE particles of three particle sizes (0.7 um, 2 um, and 10 um) at a dose of 20 particles‐per‐cell at 24‐ and 48‐h time points. Macrophage responses were measured using cytotoxicity assays, viability assays, proliferation assays and cytokine analysis (IL‐1b, IL‐6, IL‐8, MCP‐1, and TNF‐α). In general, there were no significant differences between PEEK‐OPTIMA, UHMWPE, and X‐UHMWPE particles on macrophage viability or proliferation. However, macrophages demonstrated greater cytotoxicity responses to UHMWPE and X‐UHMWPE than to PEEK‐OPTIMA at 24 and 48 h, where 0.7 μm‐UHMWPE particles produced the highest amount of cytotoxicity. Particles of X‐UHMWPE more than PEEK‐OPTIMA and UHMWPE induced IL‐1β, IL‐6, MCP‐1, and TNF‐α at 24 h, p < 0.05 (no significant differences at 48 h). On average, cytokine production was more adversely affected by larger 10 μm particles than by 0.7 and 2 μm sized particles. While limitations of in vitro analysis apply to this study, PEEK‐OPTIMA particles were more biocompatible than UHMWPE particles, in that they induced less inflammatory cytokine responses and thus, in part, demonstrates that PEEK‐OPTIMA implant debris does not represent an increased inflammatory risk over that of UHMWPE. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 480–492, 2012.