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Synthetic periprosthetic synovial fluid development for in vitro cell‐tribocorrosion testing using the Taguchi array approach
Author(s) -
Wiegand Michael J.,
Khullar Piyush,
Mercuri Jeremy J.,
Gilbert Jeremy L.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of biomedical materials research part a
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.849
H-Index - 150
eISSN - 1552-4965
pISSN - 1549-3296
DOI - 10.1002/jbm.a.37039
Subject(s) - synovial fluid , materials science , taguchi methods , hyaluronic acid , biomedical engineering , composite material , pathology , osteoarthritis , medicine , anatomy , alternative medicine
Synovial fluid is dynamic in vivo with biological components changing in ratio and size depending on the health of the joint space, making it difficult to model in vitro. Previous efforts to develop synthetic synovial fluid have typically focused on single organic‐tribological interactions with implant surfaces, thus ignoring interplay between multiple solution components. Using a Taguchi orthogonal array, we were able to isolate the individual effects of five independent synovial fluid composition variables: ratios of (1) hyaluronic acid to phospholipids (HA:PL) and (2) albumin to globulin (A:G), and concentrations of (3) hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), (4) cobalt (Co 2+ ) and (5) chromium (Cr 3+ ) ions on macrophage viability and reduced glutathione production, local solution pH and the comprehensive CoCrMo alloy electrochemical response. While no single synovial fluid variable significantly affected the collective response, HA:PL ratio resulted in the largest impact factor (Δ) on 12 of the 13 measured responses with significant effects ( p < .05) on the average macrophage survival rate and electrochemical capacitive state of the CoCrMo surface. Cluster analysis separated significant responses from all trials into three groups, corresponding to healthy, mild, or severely inflamed fluids, respectively; with the healthy synovial fluid composition having mid‐range HA:PL ratios with no Co 2+ ions, and the severely inflamed fluids consisting of low and high HA:PL ratios with H 2 O 2 and Co 2+ ions. By utilizing the Taguchi approach in combination with cluster analysis, we were able to advance our knowledge of complex multivariate synthetic synovial fluids influence on macrophage and electrochemical behavior at the cell‐solution‐metal interface.