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In vitro and in vivo toxicity of rinsed and aged nanocellulose–polypyrrole composites
Author(s) -
Ferraz Natalia,
Strømme Maria,
Fellström Bengt,
Pradhan Sulena,
Nyholm Leif,
Mihranyan Albert
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
journal of biomedical materials research part a
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.849
H-Index - 150
eISSN - 1552-4965
pISSN - 1549-3296
DOI - 10.1002/jbm.a.34070
Subject(s) - nanocellulose , biocompatibility , materials science , polypyrrole , composite number , composite material , nanocomposite , chemical engineering , polymer , cellulose , engineering , metallurgy , polymerization
Novel composites of nanocellulose and the conducting polymer polypyrrole (PPy) are herein suggested as potential candidates for active ion‐extraction membranes in electrochemically controlled hemodialysis. This study has defined processing parameters to obtain a biocompatible nanocellulose‐PPy composite, and for the first time, the effect of the composite aging on cell viability has been studied. The influence of rinsing and extraction process steps, as well as aging under different conditions (i.e. in air, at –20°C and in argon), on the electroactivity and cytotoxicity of a PPy‐nanocellulose composite has been investigated. The biocompatibility evaluation was based on indirect toxicity assays with fibroblasts and monocyte cell lines and an acute toxicity test in mice, while the electroactivity was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry experiments. The as‐prepared composite did not induce any cytotoxic response in vitro or in vivo . Extensive rinsing and 48 h incubation in biological buffer previous to the preparation of the culture medium extracts were, however, necessary to obtain a noncytotoxic composite. The as‐prepared composite was also found to exhibit acceptable electrochemical performance, which was retained upon 4 weeks storage in argon atmosphere. It was shown that aging of the composite had a negative effect on biocompatibility, regardless of the storage condition. Thus, to allow for longtime storage of electroactive nanocellulose‐PPy hemodialysis membranes, the degradation of PPy upon storage must be controlled. The present results show that the biocompatibility of PPy composites depends on the rinsing and pretreatment of the composite material as well as the aging of the material. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.